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61.
Hubert J. Morel-Seytoux 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(6):1012-1022
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to show through the use of numerical examples that modern infiltration theory can be used in everyday hydrologic practice. The actual use of four methods of calculation of infiltration rates and of excess rainfall rates is demonstrated for the case when simultaneous data of rainfall and stream flow are available for a watershed. The four methods are: (1) the well known Π-index method, (2) the traditional Horton's infiltration capacity formula, (3) the less traditional Green and Ampt infiltration capacity formula, and (4) a ponding time approach. It is recommended that hydrologists become at least familiar with the numerical procedures involved in the ponding time and postponding infiltration approach. This approach, though not flawless, should be preferred to the other three methods if use of the other three is at all considered. 相似文献
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Werner Brack Rolf Altenburger Falk Dorusch Andreas Hubert Monika Möder Peter Morgenstern Susanne Moschütz Sibylle Mothes Kristin Schirmer Rainer Wennrich Klaus -Dieter Wenzel Gerrit Schüürmann 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2002,14(4):213-220
In August 2002, highly contaminated areas in the region of Bitterfeld, e.g. the floodplain of the creek Spittelwasser, as well as the adjacent regions of Jeßnitz and Raguhn, were submerged by the river Mulde. An input of mobilized contaminated sediments in residential areas was the matter of concern. The objective of the present study was to estimate the pollutants load on the basis of chemical and biological data and identify the sources of pollutants. Deposited sludge and flood water samples were assessed on the basis of biological and chemical analyses and in comparison with administrative reference values. The pollution of the investigated sites was rather heterogeneous. At several sites, tolerance limits of the German Klärschlammverordnung or the Bundesbodenschutzverordnung were clearly exceeded, e.g. for Pb, As and HCH. Organic extracts exhibited significant effects in several biotests. This may be relevant with respect to direct particle uptake via ingestion or respiration. Pollution patterns for heavy metals as well as for organic pollutants differed significantly from the pattern found in the Spittelwasser flood plain before the inundation, which is in contrast to the initial hypothesis of a possible transport of contaminated Spittelwasser sediments into residential areas. Interestingly, a correlation of chemical load and the overall biological effect could be shown. From the viewpoint of the precautionary principle, the identification of the compounds exerting toxic effects and of the respective pollutant sources would be desirable. 相似文献
65.
In high-velocity chute flows, free-surface aeration is often observed. The phenomenon is called self-aeration or white waters. When the turbulent shear stresses next to the free-surface are large enough, air bubbles are entrained throughout the entire air–water column. A rapidly-varied flow region is observed immediately downstream of the inception point of free-surface aeration. An analytical solution of the air diffusion equation is proposed and the results compare well with new experimental data. Both experiments and theory indicate that the flow bulking spans over approximately 3–4 step cavities downstream of the inception point of free-surface aeration on a stepped chute. Further downstream the void fraction distributions follow closely earlier solutions of the air diffusion equation. The application of the diffusion equation solution to prototype and laboratory data shows air bubble diffusivities typically larger than the momentum transfer coefficient. The result highlights however a marked decrease in the ratio of air bubble diffusivity to eddy viscosity with increasing Reynolds number. The finding might indicate some limitation of laboratory investigations of air bubble diffusion process in self-aerated flows and of their extrapolation to full-scale prototype applications. 相似文献
66.
Drouet JL Capian N Fiorelli JL Blanfort V Capitaine M Duretz S Gabrielle B Martin R Lardy R Cellier P Soussana JF 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(11):3156-3161
Modelling complex systems such as farms often requires quantification of a large number of input factors. Sensitivity analyses are useful to reduce the number of input factors that are required to be measured or estimated accurately. Three methods of sensitivity analysis (the Morris method, the rank regression and correlation method and the Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test method) were compared in the case of the CERES-EGC model applied to crops of a dairy farm. The qualitative Morris method provided a screening of the input factors. The two other quantitative methods were used to investigate more thoroughly the effects of input factors on output variables. Despite differences in terms of concepts and assumptions, the three methods provided similar results. Among the 44 factors under study, N2O emissions were mainly sensitive to the fraction of N2O emitted during denitrification, the maximum rate of nitrification, the soil bulk density and the cropland area. 相似文献
67.
A positive surge results from a sudden change in flow that increases the depth. It is the unsteady flow analogy of the stationary
hydraulic jump and a geophysical application is the tidal bore. Positive surges are commonly studied using the method of characteristics
and the Saint-Venant equations. The article presents the results from new experimental investigations conducted in a large
rectangular channel. Detailed unsteady velocity measurements were performed with a high temporal resolution using acoustic
Doppler velocimetry and non-intrusive free-surface measurement devices. Several experiments were conducted with the same initial
discharge (Q = 0.060 m3/s) and six different gate openings after closure resulting in both non-breaking undular and breaking bores. The analysis
of undular surges revealed wave amplitude attenuation with increasing distance of surge propagation were in agreement with
Ippen and Kulin theory. Also, undular wave period and wave length data were relatively close to the values predicted by the
wave dispersion theory for gravity waves in intermediate water depths. 相似文献
68.
Gal F Joublin F Haas H Jean-Prost V Ruffier V 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(2):107-118
The south east basin of France shelters deep CO2 reservoirs often studied with the aim of better constraining geological CO2 storage operations. Here we present new soil gas data, completing an existing dataset (CO2, 222Rn, 4He), together with mineralogical and physical characterisations of soil columns, in an attempt to better understand the spatial distribution of gas concentrations in the soils and to rule on the sealed character of the CO2 reservoir at present time.Anomalous gas concentrations were found but did not appear to be clearly related to geological structures that may drain deep gases up to the surface, implying a dominant influence of near surface processes as indicated by carbon isotope ratios. Coarse grained, quartz-rich soils favoured the existence of high CO2 concentrations. Fine grained clayey soils preferentially favoured the existence of 222Rn but not CO2. Soil formations did not act as barriers preventing gas migrations in soils, either due to water content or due to mineralogical composition. No abundant leakage from the Montmiral reservoir can be highlighted by the measurements, even near the exploitation well. As good correlation between CO2 and 222Rn concentrations still exist, it is suggested that 222Rn migration is also CO2 dependent in non-leaking areas - diffusion dominated systems. 相似文献
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70.
Current knowledge in tidal bores and their environmental,ecological and cultural impacts 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Hubert Chanson 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2011,11(1):77-98
A tidal bore is a series of waves propagating upstream as the tidal flow turns to rising. It forms during the spring tide
conditions when the tidal range exceeds 5–6 m and the flood tide is confined to a narrow funnelled estuary with low freshwater
levels. A tidal bore is associated with a massive mixing of the estuarine waters that stirs the organic matter and creates
some rich fishing grounds. Its occurrence is essential to many ecological processes and the survival of unique eco-systems.
The tidal bore is also an integral part of the cultural heritage in many regions: the Qiantang River bore in China, the Severn
River bore in UK, the Dordogne River in France. In this contribution, the environmental, ecological and cultural impacts of
tidal bores are reviewed, explained and discussed. 相似文献